Health Promotion Strategies Used By Nurses As Guidance For...

Health promotion are strategies used by nurses as guidance for assessment and alleviation of risk factor for diseases (Potter et al.,2009). Maternal health nurses provides specific screening, teaching, counselling and risk preventing tools to achieve optimal health of mother and child during the postpartum period. Postpartum is a period of both physiological and psychological changes. The mothers adaptation such as, changes in parental role ,family ,body image, physiological changes after child birth and the requirements needed for an effective infant care makes the women more vulnerable to depression(Fahey Shenessa,2013) .The maternal health nurses provides effective strategies to cope with depression with the goal of achieving optimal health . Nurses help women through teaching how to effectively mobilize social support, gaining self-efficacy, positive coping skills and setting realistic goals and expectation to treat depression during post-partum (Kuosemanen Kumpuniemi,2010). As we know that depression leads to all other complications such as cardiovascular disease, cancer obesity, substance use, alcohol abuse. It also interferes with the child and mother relationship and the overall psychosocial, physical and mental health of a women. It is therefore really important to treat postpartum depression in women for not just reducing their risk of disease but also for a holistic approach to health. â€Å"The primary goal of maternal nurses can be stated simply as the promotionShow MoreRelatedCNPC CSR report25861 Words   |  104 PagesWe also referred to the Sustainability Reporting Guideline (G3.1) published by Global Reporting Initiative, Oil and Gas Industry Guidance on Voluntary Sustainability Reporting (2010) co-published by the International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association and the American Petroleum Institute, ISO26000 Guidance on Social Responsibility , Guidance on Central Enterprises’ Harmonious DevelopmentImplementation in the 12 th Five-Year Plan Period and China CSR Reporting Guide(CASS-CSR2Read More‚Äà ºa Contemporary View on Health Care System in Bangladesh.‚Äà ¹14806 Words   |  60 PagesCHAPTER - 1 Introduction 1.0 origin and background of the report The report ‘‘A Contemporary view on Health Care System in Bangladesh’’ is the outcome of Internship Program which is a precondition for acquiring MBA Degree. Only curriculum activities are not enough for handling the real business environment, so it is necessary to get the better knowledge about the real scenario. The report is a requirement of the internship program for my MBA Degree. Conduction of Internship/ DissertationRead MoreThe Accounting Profession and Nat39077 Words   |  157 Pagesprofitability and liquidity are the necessary ingredients for corporate growth and development. To make these possible, that is to be profitable and liquid, companies need reasonable and sustainable investments. The quantum of investment is one important factor in the determination of the extent to which a company can do business. Ceteris parribus, a company with more investments has a higher possibility of being parribus, profitable and possibly liquid than another wi th lesser investments. To be able to

A Brief Note On Type II And Diabetic Conditions - 1454 Words

It was estimated that in 2010, there were 221 million people worldwide with Diabetes. Type II Diabetes is commonly diagnosed as a myriad of chronic diseases associated with elevated blood glucose levels (Hyperglycemia) and accounts for roughly 90-95% of all cases related to Diabetes. This is a result of the being resistance to insulin produced by the pancreas, or the inability to produce adequate levels of insulin. Studies have shown that there are many risk factors that can and cannot be modified. There are physical, financial and emotional costs to the individual affected by Type II Diabetes. Treatments for diabetic conditions are usually aimed at relieving symptoms or reducing further damage to improve the patient’s quality of life. (Hill, 2009). Middle aged individuals with Type II Diabetes need to educate themselves about their disease and significantly change their lifestyles to better their chances of living a long life and reduce out of pocket expenses for treatm ent. Medical professional have divided the diseases into two categories: Macrovascular and Microvascular. Macrovascular affects the vasculature of the body, mainly the arteries and veins. Involvement of such can increase the risk for stroke, myocardial infarction and deep vein thrombosis. â€Å"Type II Diabetes is typically diagnosed in the setting of Metabolic Syndrome, which includes abdominal obesity (increased abdominal girth), hypertension (high blood pressure), hyperlipidemia (elevatedShow MoreRelatedIntegrated Health Promotion Plan For Mr. Laurane2522 Words   |  11 Pagesfor Mr. Laurane that will hopefully set him on the path to leading a healthier, and thus longer, life. I. Identification of Issues 1.1 Brief Health History and Risk Factors as an Individual and a Family Member As mentioned, the patient’s name is Joshua John Laurane. He is an African American male of 69 years with a past medical history of diabetes (Type II), hypertension, congestive heart failure, and high cholesterol. He first presented with these underlying issues as well as present ED withRead MoreBenefits Of Physical Training Patients With Diabetes And Chronic Kidney Disease2469 Words   |  10 Pages nearly 26million Americans are suffering from Diabetes.3 Furthermore, CDC reported in 2014 that there are chances of 40% American adults developing diabetes in their lifetime and half of the ethnic minorities will be affected. It is worthwhile to note that obesity was reported as the reason for the tremendous increase.4 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common disorder and occurs in the elderly population. In younger patients, it is associated with the loss of kidney function over a periodRead MoreReference Guide for Pharmacy Technician Exam Essay4921 Words   |  20 PagesOSTEOPOROSIS and HYPOCALCEMIA ANTI PLATELETS and ANTI COAGULANTS SMOKING CESSATION AIDS AGENTS THYROID ULCERATIVE COLITIS DIABETES-RELATED DRUGS PHARMACY LAW PHARMACEUTICAL CALCULATIONS Krisman 62 65 67 69 69 70 71 75 86 SECTION-II 44 45 46 47 QUESTIONS ANSWERS PRACTICE TEST ANSWERS www.pharmacyexam.com 92 136 177 189 5 Reference Guide for Pharmacy Technician Exam Krisman SECTION -I www.pharmacyexam.com 6 Reference Guide for Pharmacy TechnicianRead MoreMyocardial Infaraction6192 Words   |  25 Pages(ACEI) with spironolactone to treat such resistant hypertension may be more effective than adding an angiotensin receptor blocker to an ACEI. The role of spironolactone has also been shown to decrease albuminuria in chronic kidney disease including diabetic nephropathy in the presence of maximal dosages of ACEI. The effect of aldosterone in metabolic syndrome is also discussed in this review. PMID: 20448074 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] 2010 May 10;170(9):759-64. Rethinking the epidemiologyRead MoreThe Effects of Juvenile Diabetes on Children9802 Words   |  40 Pagesto get the benefit of the food which he or she eats, particularly sugar and starch. There are three types of diabetes: Juvenile diabetes, Adult-onset diabetes and Gestalt diabetes. Any person of any age can contract the disease whether through hereditary or acquired by chance. It has global and societal implications and is now called an epidemic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The researchers would focus more on the type one (1) diabetes which is Juvenile Insulin Dependent Diabetes or JIDD which affects children or agesRead MorePathogram: Chronic Respiratory Failure Essays7624 Words   |  31 PagesCare |Assessment |Medical/Nursing Diagnoses |Treatment | |Brief review of the patient |Medical Diagnoses: |Therapeutic Modalities | |Age: 86 years old Read MoreCare Delivery Performance Management6877 Words   |  28 Pages 2. Nursing staff: It includes registered nurses. 3. Ancillary staff: It includes Lab technicians. 4. Clerical Staff: It includes Staff which carries out registration, Billing, Cashiering, Secretarial and Medical record functions. II. RECEPTION AND ENQUIRY Reception is the main place of contact between patient and the hospital. An outpatient is usually a frightened person who needs reassurance and proper guidance and reception is the very correct place for it. A reception and enquiryRead MoreCase Based Pediatrics for Medical Students10891 Words   |  44 PagesTEST A PRACTICE TEST I Situation 1 – Nurse Mito is assigned to the triage area. While on duty, he assesses the condition of a client with asthma. She has difficulty breathing and her respiratory rate is 45 per minute. The doctor prescribed epinephrine 0.3 mg subcutaneously. 1. The medication for epinephrine injection for the client is to: a. Reduce anaphylaxis b. Relieve hypersensitivity to allergen c. Relieve respiratory distress due to bronchial spasm d. Restore client’sRead More7 Ps of Service Marketing for a Bank20620 Words   |  83 Pagesuse both primary and secondary data. i) The primary sources of data are as follows: Face to face conversation with the bank officers and staffs. Direct conversation with the clients. Practical Deskwork. Observation of different marketing approaches. ii) The secondary sources of data are as follows: Website of the PBL Annual report of the bank. Different manuals and publications of the bank. Unpublished data received from the Branch. Different text books. Different circulars sent by Head Office ofRead MoreNutrition Assignment 412450 Words   |  50 Pagesï » ¿HUMAN NUTRITION II - FOOD MANAGEMENT – NUMBER 4 LESSON1 ASSIGNMENT 1. Cooking is the application of one of two types of heat. Name them and then classify all the methods of cooking (baking, blanching etc) listed in your course according to which type of heat they use. Cooking is the application of one of two types of heats which are using moist or dry methods of cooking. Baking: Baking is a commonly used cooking technique that applies dry heat to a food, along with an air flow. It

Communication and Criminal Justice - 6158 Words

|[pic] |SYLLABUS | | |College of Criminal Justice and Security | | |CJA/304 Version 3 | | |Interpersonal Communications | Copyright  © 2012, 2010, 2009 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. INSTRUCTOR: C. RENEE INGRAM, M.A. in Criminal Justice†¦show more content†¦| | | |Reading |Read the Week One Read Me First. |2-25-13 by 6pm| | | |Read Ch. 1 of Report Writing for Criminal Justice Professionals. |CST | | | |Read Ch. 2 of Written and Interpersonal Communication. | | | | |Read Ch. 3 of Written and Interpersonal Communication. | | | | |Read Ch. 4 of Written and Interpersonal Communication. | | | | |Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. | | | |Participation |Participate in class discussion and in class quizzes. If a student misses in-class time, |2-25-13 |10 points | | |these points will not be able to be made up. | | | | |Class starts promptly at 6pm CST and concludes atShow MoreRelatedCommunication in Criminal Justice742 Words   |  3 PagesMany criminal justice professions require candidates to possess strong oral and written communication skills. The essence of communication is the conveyance of a message from sender to receiver. Often times you will find that there is interference that may hinder your communication with the receiver. In the communication process, the parties involved engage in certain unconscious behaviors that direct the flow of communication. There is a step by step process that can be broken down into a communicationRead MoreEssay on Communication in Criminal Justice1121 Words   |  5 Pages Communication in Criminal Justice Settings Ashley Thompson CJS/205 Erin Kirkpatrick Abstract Communication is important to most professions and human relations in general. When it comes to a career in the Criminal Justice field, you must have great communication skills. Possessing these skills can keep you out of bad situations, and might even save your life. Communication can be verbal or non-verbal and to be able to do your job well, you need to know how to overcome potential communication barriersRead MoreTechnology and Communication in Criminal Justice1092 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology affects our everyday life. Technology also affects the criminal justice field, especially in communication. The criminal justice system has different databases thanks to technology. These databases do things that humans wouldn’t be able to do or wouldn’t have the time to do. Two specific types of databases are AFIS and Iris scan. AFIS (also known as IAFIS) stands for Automated Fingerprint Identification System. AFIS is just that, a database created to keep track of fingerp rints. Iris scanRead MoreTechnology and Communication in Criminal Justice990 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: Tech/Comm. In Criminal Justice Technology and Communication in Today’s Criminal Justice System Shante Needham University of Phoenix Online CJA / 363 Interpersonal Communication Professor Stewart Stanfield February 8, 2010 Law enforcement and the criminal justice system depend upon technology to carry out their many demands. Many programs are created to ensure the security and effectiveness of the criminal justice system while improving the technological capacities of localRead MoreNon-Verbal Communication in Criminal Justice2459 Words   |  10 PagesIn the field of criminal justice it is crucial for employees to understand the importance of oral and written communication. No matter what an individual’s position happens to be, they will have to orally communicate with internal staff such as co-workers, supervisors, deputies, security, judicial officers, as well as external members like clients, defendants, victims, jurors, as well as the general public. Additionally, in today’s computerized world chances are these same positions will be expectedRead MoreCommunication And Conflict Resolution For Criminal Justice1340 Words   |  6 Pages Brandman University Communication and Conflict Resolution for Criminal Justice CJCU 432 RESEARCH EXERCISE 2 CULTURE Professor Peter Jaske November 29, 2015 Phuong Le Culture I think culture, simply is what remains after the various historical cycles. Through each of the development cycle, people interact with others and developing a new culture. Culture is an objective phenomenon, an integration of all aspects of life. Even the smallest aspects of life have a culture. It was suggestedRead MoreEssay on Technology and Communication in the Criminal Justice System1003 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopment inside the technological and communications progression has matured from a lot of developments within central science and its growth is ongoing. Both positive and negative effects have occurred from the technology working in our criminal justice system. In this paper we will cover the different options for new technology that helps stop crime. Automated Fingerprint Identification System In the 1980’s there were a lot of unsolved criminal case due to lack of technology in older dataRead MoreEffective Communication in Criminal Justice Settings Essay1700 Words   |  7 PagesA caution gunshot shot into the air, a verbal demand to get down on the ground, and a sign applied on a correctional facility wall that flows, ‘warning: you are under arrest,’ all have to forms of interaction. Communication involves individuals vocally and nonverbally. Verbal concerns words, and non-verbal concerns written or actions performed. The subjects of conversation for this article includes how verbal and non-verbal interaction impact aspects of juvenile delinquent officers when approachingRead MoreIntercultural Communication And The Australian Criminal Justice System1364 Words   |  6 PagesIntercultural communication is a relatively new subject that has had increasing popularity among managers in both the business and education sectors. This essay will focus on h ow a lack of intercultural communication knowledge will result in racism, stereotyping and misunderstandings among different cultures and how this can result in negative long term effects for some already disadvantaged groups such as Indigenous Australians. Without effective Intercultural Communication, particular groups willRead MoreCJA304 Effective Communication In Criminal Justice Settings1999 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿ Effective Communication in a Criminal Justice Settings Option 3 YOUR NAME HERE CJA/304 03/02/2015 In the criminal justice system, a police officer’s ability to communicate is one of the most important traits an officer can have. Police officers communicate with everyone from the public to peers, arrestees, victim and suspect families, and court personnel. A police officer must determine the most effective way to communicate, using several different methods, with everyone without offending

Single Sex Education Essay - 700 Words

Single-Sex education has existed since the beginning of education itself but, it has recently reemerged in the US under the pretense that it will improve school environments and help children learn better. According to psychological studies this is not the case. There is little difference between boys and girls in terms of ways they learn, and their neurodevelopment. Separating children also does not allow for socialization between different genders. This conflicts with children’s social skills and exposure to the opposite gender which makes sexism is more drastic in environments where girls are separated from boys. Single-sex education is a practice that many people believe improves schooling but, it is not proven that there are any†¦show more content†¦Gender roles and stereotypes are enforced through single-sex education. For example, believing that boys should learn in more tactile, energetic ways can cause an increase in aggressive behavior (Lewin). This goes hand in hand with the idea that we should not base children’s education purely on gender but, use other factors such as, personality, interests, and upbringing. The argument to this is that it is important for girls and boys to learn with only their respective sex because they are able to learn in an environment with children who learn in the same manner as them. This cannot be true because each child learns differently and has unique learning needs. The part of this argument that affects students lives the most is the socialization aspect of school. If children are separated based on gender from a young age they may grow up without much interaction with the opposite sex; This can cause problems when these students are adults and have to work with people of the opposite sex. The former president of the American Psychology Association, Diane Halpern who has written on this topic multiple times and studied single-sex education says, â€Å"School is preparation for adult life,† â€Å"How can boys and girls learn how to interact as equals in the workplace if they have no experience interacting as equals in school?† (Novotney). This shows how vital the socialization between boys and girls is, and in our society their opportunity to socializeShow MoreRelatedSingle Sex Education Essay1074 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Single sex education began in 1890, in England, for men only. Education was believed to be for men only because men usually took over the family by providing funds necessary to run a household. Usually women learned only fundamental concepts, such as how to cook, clean, sew and care for children. Women did not attend school; rather, they learned the skill of reading and writing, and some acquired mathematics through private lessons or a tutor, but if they were rich they were sentRead MoreSingle-Sex Education and Co-ed Education Essay1059 Words   |  5 PagesSingle-Sex Education and Coed Education. The single-sex format creates opportunities that do not exist in the coed classroom. (Edison 1) Researchers are unaware that both genders brains function differently. This lack of knowledge may be why the real truth about single-sex education being more efficient than co-ed education has not been discovered. Some say single-sex education may be the key for a brighter generation. It shows to improve test score dramatically. The number of public schools experimentingRead MoreEssay about Mona Lisa’s Smile: Single-sex Education for Girls1721 Words   |  7 PagesMona Lisa’s Smile: Single-sex Education for Girls â€Å"Men Are from Mars - Women Are from Venus,† it is the title of a bestseller book, which tells us how different boys and girls are. Single-sex education was introduced because of the huge differences, and it once flourished in the United States. Since the 1970s, however, it began to be regarded with a degree of suspicion. Many girls’ schools closed or amalgamated and the trend towards co-education continued to spread. Until nowadays, the debateRead MoreSingle Sex Education Essay1416 Words   |  6 PagesIn the1990s, single-sex education gained interest over coeducation, and by the early 2000s, it had gained support from congress and the Bush administration. Since then single-sex education has benefitted many students, teachers, and parents. For all of the 1800s and most of 1900s coeducation had dominated schooling over the single-sex catholic and private schools.   Unfortunately, a Title IX provision was passed prohibiting sex discrimination, so that no person should be denied admission to any schoolRead MoreEssay about Single-sex education vs. Coeducation962 Words   |  4 Pages Education has been an important factor of all of our lives for an exceptional amount of time, but unfortunately, America has been falling behind from other nations in their education system compared to other nations (Pahlke 444). Almost all of our public schools in our country are coeducational and only handful of them are single-sex educational schools. Single-sex education should be taken into high consideration for most students to attend because of the benefits they might gain from them. ItRead MoreEssay on Single-Sex Education: Separate but Efficient?1547 Words   |  7 PagesHave schools been teaching their students the wrong way for years? Apparently, coeducation schools have not been as sensitive about genders as single-gender schools have been. It is necessary for schools to be geared toward certain genders because both male students and female students learn differently. Due to the fact that the biology of male and female students is an immense contributor to these diff erences, it needs to be understood and exercised. Differences of the two genders can be usedRead MoreThe Debate Over Single Sex Schools958 Words   |  4 PagesThe debate over single-sex schools Single-sex schools are becoming more common. According to some religion reasons, several countries such as Saudi Arabia only have single-sex schools. However, the effect and rationality of single-sex schools are an ongoing controversy, that being debated in a worldwide range. In this essay, the cases for and against single-sex education will be discussed. This essay will firstly present some positive impacts of single-sex schools, including an increase in students’Read MoreWhy are Mixed Schools a Better Option?672 Words   |  3 PagesSingle sex school is a major problem that we face in our modern world it has advantages and well as disadvantages. Why mixed schools is better than single one?. There are many reasons to prove that idea. This essay talks about why mixed schools is better than single one with evidences and supports. This essay supports the idea of why this is a negative impacts on the society. Some people saw that single one is better and they have their points o f view and their opinions. They also saw it improvesRead MoreSingle Sex Schools Are Becoming More Common891 Words   |  4 PagesSingle-sex schools are becoming more common. According to some religious reasons, several countries such as Saudi Arabia only have single-sex schools. However, the effect and rationality of single-sex schools are an ongoing controversy, that are being debated around the world. In this essay, the cases for and against single-sex education will be discussed. This essay will firstly present some positive impacts of single-sex schools, including an increase in students’ academic achievement and a decreaseRead MoreSingle Sex Schools : An Old Time Idea1730 Words   |  7 PagesJordan Jackson 04/18/17 Are Single-Sex Schools really the way to go? ENGL- 10300 Single Sex Schools VS. Coed The issue that is being discussed is whether or not it is more beneficial for high school students to go to single-sex schools or coed schools. In her essay â€Å" Single-Sex Schools: An Old Time Idea Whose Time Has Come,† Diane Urbina Argues that it would be more beneficial if we had single-sex schools. The myth is debunked is that boys and girls are restricted by nature in relation to what

Management of Learning Disabilities Free Essays

This semester we have spent the majority of our time learning about and discussing how we can best assist exceptional students. Many of these students are individuals with learning dissabilities. Although it would be difficult for every teacher to understand the distinctions, symptoms, weaknesses and strengths of every disability, it can be very helpful to have a general knowledge of the disabilities that may hinder a student†s ability to learn. We will write a custom essay sample on Management of Learning Disabilities or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unlike other disabilities like paralysis and blindness, a learning disability (LD) is a hidden handicap. A learning disability does not disfigure or leave visible signs that would invite others to be understanding or offer support (Council for Exceptional Children (CEC),1999). Therefore as teachers it will be our responsibility to provide that understanding and support for those children already diagnosed and also be alert to the warning signs that may be symptoms of a previously undetected disability. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (NIMH, 1999) describes learning disabilities as follows: LD is a disorder that effects people†s ability to either interpret what they see and hear or to link information from different parts of the brain. These limitations can show up in many ways. As specific difficulties with spoken and written language, coordination, self-control, or attention. Such difficulties extend to school work and can impede learning to read or write or to do math. Learning disability can be lifelong conditions that, in some cases, affect many parts of a person†s life: school or work, daily routines, family life, and sometimes even friendships. In some people, many overlapping learning disabilities may be apparent. Other people may have a single isolated learning problem that has little impact on other areas of their lives (National Center for Learning Disabilities (NCLD), 1999). It is important to remember that the term â€Å"learning disability† does not apply to students who have learning problems that are primarily the result of visual or hearing problems, mental retardation, emotional problems, or disadvantaged due to their environment, culture or economic background (US Department of Education (USDE), 1999). Knowing what constitutes a LD is only the beginning. Diagnosing and treating a learning disability is not a diagnosis in the same sense as diabetes or chicken pox. These have a known cause, distinct symptoms and treatments. LD, on the other hand, is a very broad term that covers an array of possible causes, symptoms, treatments, and outcomes. There is no medication to â€Å"cure† a learning disability (NCLD, 1999). If seen listed, the number of disabilities may be daunting. However, The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Ed. (DSM-IV) (DSM-IV, 1994) divides LD†s into three broad categories. The first category is Developmental Speech and Language Disorders. This includes disorders where children have trouble controlling their rate of speech and may be behind their peers in learning certain speech sounds. Difficulty being able to express oneself through speech as well as trouble understanding certain aspects of speech all fall within this category (Learning Disabilities Association of America (LDAA), 1999). The second category is Academic Skills Disorders. Under this category falls Developmental Reading Disorder, more commonly known as dyslexia. Reading disorders are believed to effect 2-8% of all elementary school children(The International Dyslexia Association (IDA), 1999). Developmental Writing Disorder, where a child has difficulty with vocabulary, grammar, hand movement or memory and Developmental Arithmetic Disorder where a child has difficulty recognizing numbers and symbols and understanding abstract concepts also fall under this category. The last category is known as â€Å"other† Learning Disabilities. The most commonly known are the attention disorders. Although Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are not actual learning disabilities they may have a major impact on the child†s ability to learn (CEC, 1999). Another aspect that separates a learning disability from other disabilities is that currently the cause is unclear. In the past it was believed that LD†s were the result of a single neurological problem. However recent research seems to indicate that most learning dissabilities do not stem from a specific area of the brain, but from difficulties in bringing together information from various regions of the brain (NIMH, 1999). There are several possible reasons how a child might develop these subtle disturbances in the brain. When the brain is developing as a fetus is highly vulnerable. If it†s development is disrupted early in the development that fetus may die or suffer from more severe dissabilities. If, however, the disturbance occurs later in development when the cells in the brain are becoming specialized (this is when areas associated with attention, thinking and emotion develop as well as processing sight, sound and other senses) then the result may show up as a LD as the child develops (NIMH, 1999). The use of tabacco, alcohol, or other drugs during pregnancy may also have damaging effects on the unborn child. Many drugs taken by the mother are passed directly onto the fetus. Babies born to mother who smoke for instance are more likely to have a low birth weight. Newborns born under weight tend to be at risk for a variety of problems one of which is a learning disability. Alcohol may distort the developing neutrons and if taken in large amounts may result in fetal alcohol syndrome, a condition that leads to intellectual impairment (NIMH,1999). Complications during pregnancy or delivery are another possible cause of a LD. In some instances the mother†s immune system will react to the fetus as a virus and fight it as if it were an infection. This may lead the forming brain cells to settle in the wrong places. Lack of oxygen during delivery can impair brain function and result in a LD as well (NIMH, 1999). It is also a fact the LD†s seem to run in families. This may indicate a genetic link of some kind. Although LD can run in the family, there is usually a slight difference in the disability. For example, a parent that may have a writing disorder may have a child that has difficulty expressing him/herself in speech (NCLD,1999). There could be another reason why LD†s run in the family. It is possible to attribute some learning difficulties to the family environment. For example, if a parent has a disability where s/he has difficulty expressing themselves through language then they are more likely not to talk as much to their children or the language they use may be distorted or they may use the wrong words often enough so that the child is unaware the s/he is using the wrong words also. The child lacking a good model to follow when acquiring language skills may then acquire a disability of his/her own (NCLD, 1999). Another possibility is that toxins in the child†s environment may effect the development of the child†s brain in early childhood. In a study conducted by the National Institute of Health, a connection was made between the amount of lead in the environment and learning disabilities (NIMH,1999). Though many of the possible reasons a child may have developed a learning disability can not be changed, environmental causes can. Many learning disabilities are not noticed until a child enters the formal learning environment (Council for Learning Disabilities (CFLD), 1999). Therefore, teachers are often the first to observe a child†s persistent difficulties in mathematics, reading or writing and must be knowledgeable about what to look for and how to identify a LD. A student with hyperactivity is relatively easy to identify due to there impulsive behavior and excessive movement, however, what about the child who is quiet and polite or the child with above average intelligence who has been able to maintain passing grades? These children are less likely do be identified and may go unnoticed and undiagnosed. Although some children reach developmental milestones (first step, first word, ability to write one†s own name†¦ etc. ) later than others, there are a few things to keep in mind when trying to informally identify a learning disability. If a milestone is already quite delayed, if there†s a history of LD in the family or if there are several delayed skills than a teacher should notify the students parents and relay his/her concerns (CEC,1999). At this time, parents have the opportunity to have their child tested free of charge through the local public school system or they may choose to have an outside evaluation. Documentation is then brought to the school and an Individualized Education Program (IEP) is created. It is a teacher†s responsibility to implement the goals and objectives of an IEP in the classroom. Due to the individuality of each student and his/her disability, accommodations may vary among students. There are several different strategies that may help children to succeed academically. For example, printing assignments on a certain color paper or encouraging a child to use a colored overlay may significantly help them to process written information. Older students with developmental writing disorders may benefit from bringing a lap top computer to class to take notes or use for any written assignments. It may also be necessary that a student has someone to take notes for them or have assignments read to them aloud. These are just a few of the possible accommodations that may help students learn more efficiently (LDAA,1998). Insuring each child receives the best education possible is a never ending task yet it is one each teacher takes on when s/he enters the classroom. By educating oneself about the different ways students learn, having the ability to notice when there appears to be a gap in a child†s intelligence and the skills s/he has achieved and being familiar and educated about what you can do to help each child fulfill his/her potential can only make for a better educator. How to cite Management of Learning Disabilities, Papers Management of Learning Disabilities Free Essays This semester we have spent the majority of our time learning about and discussing how we can best assist exceptional students. Many of these students are individuals with learning dissabilities. Although it would be difficult for every teacher to understand the distinctions, symptoms, weaknesses and strengths of every disability, it can be very helpful to have a general knowledge of the disabilities that may hinder a student†s ability to learn. We will write a custom essay sample on Management of Learning Disabilities or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unlike other disabilities like paralysis and blindness, a learning disability (LD) is a hidden handicap. A learning disability does not disfigure or leave visible signs that would invite others to be understanding or offer support (Council for Exceptional Children (CEC),1999). Therefore as teachers it will be our responsibility to provide that understanding and support for those children already diagnosed and also be alert to the warning signs that may be symptoms of a previously undetected disability. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (NIMH, 1999) describes learning disabilities as follows: LD is a disorder that effects people†s ability to either interpret what they see and hear or to link information from different parts of the brain. These limitations can show up in many ways. As specific difficulties with spoken and written language, coordination, self-control, or attention. Such difficulties extend to school work and can impede learning to read or write or to do math. Learning disability can be lifelong conditions that, in some cases, affect many parts of a person†s life: school or work, daily routines, family life, and sometimes even friendships. In some people, many overlapping learning disabilities may be apparent. Other people may have a single isolated learning problem that has little impact on other areas of their lives (National Center for Learning Disabilities (NCLD), 1999). It is important to remember that the term â€Å"learning disability† does not apply to students who have learning problems that are primarily the result of visual or hearing problems, mental retardation, emotional problems, or disadvantaged due to their environment, culture or economic background (US Department of Education (USDE), 1999). Knowing what constitutes a LD is only the beginning. Diagnosing and treating a learning disability is not a diagnosis in the same sense as diabetes or chicken pox. These have a known cause, distinct symptoms and treatments. LD, on the other hand, is a very broad term that covers an array of possible causes, symptoms, treatments, and outcomes. There is no medication to â€Å"cure† a learning disability (NCLD, 1999). If seen listed, the number of disabilities may be daunting. However, The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Ed. (DSM-IV) (DSM-IV, 1994) divides LD†s into three broad categories. The first category is Developmental Speech and Language Disorders. This includes disorders where children have trouble controlling their rate of speech and may be behind their peers in learning certain speech sounds. Difficulty being able to express oneself through speech as well as trouble understanding certain aspects of speech all fall within this category (Learning Disabilities Association of America (LDAA), 1999). The second category is Academic Skills Disorders. Under this category falls Developmental Reading Disorder, more commonly known as dyslexia. Reading disorders are believed to effect 2-8% of all elementary school children(The International Dyslexia Association (IDA), 1999). Developmental Writing Disorder, where a child has difficulty with vocabulary, grammar, hand movement or memory and Developmental Arithmetic Disorder where a child has difficulty recognizing numbers and symbols and understanding abstract concepts also fall under this category. The last category is known as â€Å"other† Learning Disabilities. The most commonly known are the attention disorders. Although Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are not actual learning disabilities they may have a major impact on the child†s ability to learn (CEC, 1999). Another aspect that separates a learning disability from other disabilities is that currently the cause is unclear. In the past it was believed that LD†s were the result of a single neurological problem. However recent research seems to indicate that most learning dissabilities do not stem from a specific area of the brain, but from difficulties in bringing together information from various regions of the brain (NIMH, 1999). There are several possible reasons how a child might develop these subtle disturbances in the brain. When the brain is developing as a fetus is highly vulnerable. If it†s development is disrupted early in the development that fetus may die or suffer from more severe dissabilities. If, however, the disturbance occurs later in development when the cells in the brain are becoming specialized (this is when areas associated with attention, thinking and emotion develop as well as processing sight, sound and other senses) then the result may show up as a LD as the child develops (NIMH, 1999). The use of tabacco, alcohol, or other drugs during pregnancy may also have damaging effects on the unborn child. Many drugs taken by the mother are passed directly onto the fetus. Babies born to mother who smoke for instance are more likely to have a low birth weight. Newborns born under weight tend to be at risk for a variety of problems one of which is a learning disability. Alcohol may distort the developing neutrons and if taken in large amounts may result in fetal alcohol syndrome, a condition that leads to intellectual impairment (NIMH,1999). Complications during pregnancy or delivery are another possible cause of a LD. In some instances the mother†s immune system will react to the fetus as a virus and fight it as if it were an infection. This may lead the forming brain cells to settle in the wrong places. Lack of oxygen during delivery can impair brain function and result in a LD as well (NIMH, 1999). It is also a fact the LD†s seem to run in families. This may indicate a genetic link of some kind. Although LD can run in the family, there is usually a slight difference in the disability. For example, a parent that may have a writing disorder may have a child that has difficulty expressing him/herself in speech (NCLD,1999). There could be another reason why LD†s run in the family. It is possible to attribute some learning difficulties to the family environment. For example, if a parent has a disability where s/he has difficulty expressing themselves through language then they are more likely not to talk as much to their children or the language they use may be distorted or they may use the wrong words often enough so that the child is unaware the s/he is using the wrong words also. The child lacking a good model to follow when acquiring language skills may then acquire a disability of his/her own (NCLD, 1999). Another possibility is that toxins in the child†s environment may effect the development of the child†s brain in early childhood. In a study conducted by the National Institute of Health, a connection was made between the amount of lead in the environment and learning disabilities (NIMH,1999). Though many of the possible reasons a child may have developed a learning disability can not be changed, environmental causes can. Many learning disabilities are not noticed until a child enters the formal learning environment (Council for Learning Disabilities (CFLD), 1999). Therefore, teachers are often the first to observe a child†s persistent difficulties in mathematics, reading or writing and must be knowledgeable about what to look for and how to identify a LD. A student with hyperactivity is relatively easy to identify due to there impulsive behavior and excessive movement, however, what about the child who is quiet and polite or the child with above average intelligence who has been able to maintain passing grades? These children are less likely do be identified and may go unnoticed and undiagnosed. Although some children reach developmental milestones (first step, first word, ability to write one†s own name†¦ etc. ) later than others, there are a few things to keep in mind when trying to informally identify a learning disability. If a milestone is already quite delayed, if there†s a history of LD in the family or if there are several delayed skills than a teacher should notify the students parents and relay his/her concerns (CEC,1999). At this time, parents have the opportunity to have their child tested free of charge through the local public school system or they may choose to have an outside evaluation. Documentation is then brought to the school and an Individualized Education Program (IEP) is created. It is a teacher†s responsibility to implement the goals and objectives of an IEP in the classroom. Due to the individuality of each student and his/her disability, accommodations may vary among students. There are several different strategies that may help children to succeed academically. For example, printing assignments on a certain color paper or encouraging a child to use a colored overlay may significantly help them to process written information. Older students with developmental writing disorders may benefit from bringing a lap top computer to class to take notes or use for any written assignments. It may also be necessary that a student has someone to take notes for them or have assignments read to them aloud. These are just a few of the possible accommodations that may help students learn more efficiently (LDAA,1998). Insuring each child receives the best education possible is a never ending task yet it is one each teacher takes on when s/he enters the classroom. By educating oneself about the different ways students learn, having the ability to notice when there appears to be a gap in a child†s intelligence and the skills s/he has achieved and being familiar and educated about what you can do to help each child fulfill his/her potential can only make for a better educator. How to cite Management of Learning Disabilities, Essay examples

Corporate Financial Management Responsibilities of CFO

Question: Describe about the Corporate Financial Management for Responsibilities of CFO. Answer: Introduction The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of a company has the vital task of running the budgeting, controlling, and financial matters of the company. Though it may sound glamorous and exciting, a CFO has various duties that might have conflicting aims. For an operations based company such as BHP Billiton, which deals with discovering, extracting and marketing natural resources, the base of operations covers managing energy assets as well, which is strategic in nature. The roles and responsibilities of a CFO (Chief Financial Officer) have significantly evolved over the years. CFOs role was traditionally being viewed as a financial gatekeeper but it has evolved and expanded to a strategic advisor and partner to the CEO. In the current scenario, there are three general areas of responsibilities for a CFO that includes treasury responsibilities, controllership duties and economic strategy and forecasting (Melville, 2013). Identifying relevant responsibilities of CFO BHP Billiton has Mr. Peter Beaven working on the responsibilities of the CFO (BHP Billiton, 2015). CFOs have three major responsibilities in a companys overall strategy: 1) Controllership This means looking at the past financial performance of the company, ensuring the accuracy of numbers in recording and valuation of core assets. These financial reports build the basis of all decisions of the CEO related to other functions such as operations, marketing, IT, etc. The performance of BHP Billiton is important to its internal stakeholders such as employees and most importantly to the external stakeholders, the government, creditors, customers, and investors on the ASX (BHP Billiton, 2015). A good financial performance will create reserves for new investments in assets of natural resources and newer technology of exploration and extraction. This will increase efficiency, increase production, increase revenues, increase profits and hence the market value and stock price. This will also give confidence to the creditors and government agencies and regulators on the running of the company (Graham Smart, 2012). Therefore, the ripple effect of a good control lership contributes to this objective of the firm that it helps in maximising shareholder value and business standing in the eyes of the society. 2) Treasury duties BHP Billiton has a treasury function where the CFO in conjunction with the management of foreign exchange manages idle cash, investments done for returns, investments done for sale, as majority of trade happens in USD.It is his responsibility to see future funding requirement of various functions. For example, BHP had three Brownfield projects that is yet to be completed and one major pre-development project that is composed of a budget of US$7 billion. It has to earmark a separate budget for exploration expenditure that comes to US$11 billion annually (BHP Billiton, 2015). This is strategized with the treasury function to decide which projects are priorities and where cost needs to be cut down. In addition, in the business of oil, the net price during the time of selling changes owing to the global oil prices. This creates need for management of money to cover up for such losses. BHP Billitons CFO has an important responsibility to manage and create the financial risk management strategy. In addition, one way for a company to ensure supply of money is to raise it via equity, debt, or a mix of both. Each of these has its own implications and in the case of BHP it cancelled the 24,113,658 ordinary shares of US$0.5 each held in treasury and later it allowed the company to undertake market purchase to 211, 207,180 of its ordinary shares, which represented 10% of BHP Billiton share capital at that time. Such decision-making is done to meet the objective of rewarding the shareholder with buy-backs, splits, and bonus each with a specific cost to the company (BHP Billiton, 2015). The CFOs office has to determine the trade-off of cost and benefit. 3) Economic strategy and forecasting for future For a company like BHP, where revenue is decided by the natural resources ever changing prices, its very important to keep track of the economic and macro indicators which create swings in these prices. This is in the CFOs job description to keep an eye on important developments to keep the CEO and other functions posted and updated with major happenings that might affect revenues (Libby et. al, 2011) Billitons activities have made it vulnerable to risks of the market with interest rate movements, foreign exchange, commodity prices. Therefore, it has framed a Cash Flow at Risk (CaFR) framework to evaluate the composite and diversified influence of financial risks as per the targets. The main assessment of risk is CFaR evaluated on a portfolio basis, that is stated as the expected loss, worst in nature in tune to the plan of the business cash flows over a period of one year under normal scenario of the market at a confidence level of 90 per cent (BHP Billiton, 2015). Responsibility of CFO can impact objective of the company Going by the strategy outlined above, Billiton has ensured that its costs of financing, impact on currency, costs of inputs and commodity prices are on a floating or index basis. Following this strategy, increase in the risk of variability in earnings that is measure under the CFaR framework. Risk mitigation Hedging is necessary for reducing risk related to recognized and significant investments or capital expenditure will be executed if it is required to support the strategic objectives Execution of transactions within approved mandates (Spiceland et. al, 2011). Economic hedging of commodity sales, operating costs, and debt instruments is one of the important activities that is undertaken by the CFO to attain a higher return (Needles Powers, 2013). Commodity production are sold to customers on pricing terms that are different from the relevant index target, and where a derivatives market exists, financial instruments are transacted as an economic hedge to match the revenue price exposure with the index target. When debt is issued in a non- US dollar currency and/or at a fixed interest rate, fair value and cash flow hedges may be transacted to match the debt exposure with the companys functional currency of US dollars and/or to swap to a floating interest rate. Risk management process Evaluating the exposure in customer commodity contracts and issued debt instruments. Derivatives are hedged to align the total group exposure to the index target. Derivative market is vulnerable to risk and exposure to it require paramount amount of knowledge so that the risks are minimized (Needles Powers, 2013). These functions give a direction to the strategy of the company and help in giving the CFO an indispensable place in the scheme of things in a company. The CFO determines the strategy and looks for possible solution that helps the business to vouch for different options (Williams, 2012). From the analysis of BHP Billiton, it is seen that the CFO is concerned with the smooth running of the company by undertaking method that have low risks and that brings many opportunities to the business. Activity Strategic financial transactions Some transactions which are opportunistic in nature may be executed with financial instruments to capture value and remove the perceived market over/under valuations. (Parrino et. al, 2012). The CFO makes sound strategic decision and considering this the business is operated. Only a sound strategy can help the business to flourish and cement its position in the market. The CFO looks to various alternatives and ensures that the business is not affected by the changes in the external or the internal environment (Northington, 2011). Therefore, a flexible strategy is involved that bend in any kind of situation. Exposures managed within value at risk and stop loss limits. Execution of transactions within approved mandates. This is one of the major responsibilities that leads to driving of the business in the correct path. Stop loss limit is an important point that requires a vast knowledge and needs continuous monitoring. It is essential to note that no business can make profit without risk hence; risk-taking appetite of the business determines the future of the business (Horngren, 2013). CFO efficiently manages this responsibility and it is seen in BHP that the CFO ascertains the stop loss limit and this is the reason why BHP has conducted well in the past few years. Therefore, all the three general areas of responsibility of a CFO in BHP Billiton are very crucial for attaining the goals and objectives of the company. Their responsibilities have a significant impact on the companys objectives because they ensure maximization of shareholders wealth and other benefits to stakeholders (BHP Billiton, 2015). In other words, their responsibility is link to every aspect of a companys performance whether it is financial or non-financial. The job of a CFO is cumbersome in nature but one thing is evident that the qualities of a great CFO will differentiate from a good CFO by shedding light on the long-term financial horizon of the company and the survival of the company, based on evaluations (Horngren, 2013). Hence, it can be comment that the performance of a company rests entirely upon the shoulder of a CFO and that from the study of BHP Billiton it is clearly notice that CFO has played a pivotal role in driving the business forward. b. Efficient Market Hypothesis As the Efficient Market Hypothesis explains, it is impossible to beat the market or earn that extra alpha (the additional return on investment), because the news spreads so quickly in the market that all decision making of buying and selling stocks takes into account all this news and information. So as per the theory, stocks always trades at their fair value on stock exchanges that makes it impossible for an investor to purchase undervalued stock or sell stock for high prices (Hand, 1990). This means that the information that spread in the market are absorbed and the stock do not contain any extra information apart from the fair value. Following this theory, it would be impossible to earn profit on investment or outperform the market through timing the market or superior stock selection, except by buying riskier assets. The theory is highly regarded as a pillar of modern portfolio theory but equal amount of counter arguments exist. Role of Pension Fund Manager A fund manager is supposed to manage the investments/portfolio on behalf of his clients to generate maximum returns and scout for newer avenues for future investments. A pension fund manager has an additional responsibility of ensuring that the capital stays safe and the stability of the value of capital is intact. This is so because pension funds are created to invest idle funds that are earmarked for the post-retirement expenses of the clients. A fund manager cannot play with this money in risky assets or afford to lose large value of this capital (Kalpan Schoar, 2005). Hence, the pension fund managers operate the capital in a prudent manner and always try to keep an optimum return in sight. Pension fund managers approach in an Efficient Market If it is, assume that the market is highly efficient, and then no matter what decision the fund manager might take, he will never earn more than the market return. Then there will be no need of active portfolio management and his job is redundant (Northington, 2011). However, the counter-arguments for Efficient Market Hypothesis state examples such as market crashes when people lost money whereas there were always few who made money even in these crashes. Investors like Warren Buffett or Rakesh Jhunjhunwala beat the market with high margins that proves that there is certainly some information, which the market does not know and is hence not reflected, in the buying and selling behaviour. This is where the fund managers job is important to ensure that such valuable but relatively unknown information is utilised for maximum gains (Kalpan Schoar, 2005). If the pension fund manager is, allowed to invest in risky assets such as equities, ETFs and futures/options, he can utilise his network and analytical skills to pick and invest securities for best results. Thus, efficiency of the market is questionable and the stock picking skills of the fund manager are important (Goyal Wahal, 2008). The efficiency and skills of the pension fund manager is an important consideration as it helps in choosing the area where to invest. References BHP Billiton 2015, BHP Billiton Annual Report and accounts 2015, viewed 6 September 2016, https://www.bhpbilliton.com/~/media/bhp/documents/investors/annual-reports/2015/bhpbillitonannualreport2015.pdf. Goyal, A. Wahal . S. 2008, The Selection and Termination of Investment Management Firms by Plan Sponsors, Journal of Finance , vol. 63, pp. 1802à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 1827. Graham, J. Smart, S 2012, Introduction to corporate finance, Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Hand. J.R 1990, A Test of the Extended Functional Fixation Hypothesis, Accounting Review, vol. 65, pp. 740à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 753 Horngren, C 2013, Financial accounting, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Australia Group. Kalpan , S.N Schoar, A 2005, Private Equity Performance: Returns, Persistence, and Capital Flows, Journal of Finance vol. 60, pp. 1795à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 1823. Libby, R., Libby, P. and Short, D 2011,Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Melville, A 2013, International Financial Reporting A Practical Guide, 4th edition, Pearson, Education Limited, UK Needles, B.E. Powers, M 2013, Principles of Financial Accounting, Financial Accounting Series: Cengage Learning. Northington, S 2011, Finance, New York, NY: Ferguson's. Parrino, R., Kidwell, D. and Bates, T 2012, Fundamentals of corporate finance, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Spiceland, J., Thomas, W. and Herrmann, D 2011, Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin,University Press Williams, J 2012, Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.